This book project presents a set of perspectives surveying critical theories of racial identity and racism, in light of the history of colonial and neocolonial Christendom in Latin America and the United States. It frames the fundamental ideological power of racism in Western modernity (since 1492), including the role of racial identification in the globalization of capitalism. The volume also considers several approaches for understanding the construction of race: narrative and biographical approaches, critical theories of race and racial discourse, and presents several sketches of historical moments in Spain, Latin America, and the U.S ultimately illustrating how racialized religious conflicts shaped the modern, globalized social order. It is a perfect read for scholars of Latinx Theology, Latin American Religious History and Critical Race Studies.