This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in biology in the study of mankind diversity. We emphasize that it is dangerous to base anti-racism on scientific data, which are by nature provisional and fluctuating. We advocate for a mutual sanctuarization between science on one hand, and ethics and politics on the other. Ethics and politics should not interfere with the scientific process, which relies on the rational analysis of objective data. It is dangerous to declare that a scientific theory is necessarily false because it appears scandalous in light of the prevailing moral standards, which change over time and place. Conversely, while scientific data must be open to free discussion, societal choices should primarily be the domain of ethics and politics, regardless of scientific findings, based on the values of the society in question.