Arising from the 2022 Japan-US Mathematics Institute, this book covers a range of topics in modern algebraic geometry, including birational geometry, classification of varieties in positive and zero characteristic, K-stability, Fano varieties, foliations, the minimal model program and mathematical physics. The volume includes survey articles providing an accessible introduction to current areas of interest for younger researchers. Research papers, written by leading experts in the field, disseminate recent breakthroughs in areas related to the research of V.V. Shokurov, who has been a source of inspiration for birational geometry over the last forty years.