This book introduces the reader to the hottest topics in current control sciences and robotics, as seen by scientists from Poland and other European countries. Volume 2 comprises 42 chapters, which specifically address topics connected to statistical and stochastic methods in control engineering applications, to optimization and quantum computing, to biological, medical, and ecological systems, to new applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in automated and connected vehicles, to design and control of autonomous marine, robotics, and vehicles systems, and to other modern topics. The contributions were presented during XXI Polish Control Conference, held in Gliwice, Poland, from June 26 to 29, 2023. This book is extremely useful to all persons who want to know the latest trends in automation and robotics.